Thoughts on creating anthonyguypatricia.com website

As a literary scholar, having to create a draft of a professional website ranks as my least favorite task of this semester. I enjoy looking at and using well-designed websites and, when I stop to think about it, I realize the skill, talent, and expertise involved on the part of the folks who put them together and get them on to the Internet. I also kind of feel that, as an employee of the university that, like in the corporate world, the university’s OIT folks or their agents should be responsible for the design of webpages, even for professors or graduate teaching assistants. Granted, in today’s world of shrinking budgets, that isn’t likely, but one can dream. I think, also, that my resistance to website design comes from the fact that working with the templates and software applications is not my area of expertise (specifically what comes to mind here is that I do not understand code, nor do I want to understand code in order to make sure a website “works” properly). To be a tad petulant about it, if I wanted to be a code reader/designer/ manipulator, I would have majored in some form of computer science rather than literature. That isn’t to say that I don’t understand that an individual’s professional website is a rhetorical construct with specific purposes and goals; I get that. Another part of my concern with website design comes from the DreamWeaver software application. I find DreamWeaver less than intuitive to use and, in my less charitable moments, downright cumbersome and irritating. Of course, this may be just my inexperience and/or lack of familiarity with DreamWeaver speaking than anything else—after all, I have almost three decades of working with MSWord and its predecessors, so word processing has long-since become second nature to me. Not so with DreamWeaver. But not all is doom and gloom. I was very happy with the template I chose to use to build my website from, perhaps mostly because of its cool gray color scheme. Not sure why that color scheme appealed to me so much, or what it “says” about my personality (like what the fact that the truck I drive is also a cool gray), but I thought it suited the online personality I wanted to create or give off to anyone who ever visits my site. I also think there is a lot of potential for developing and refining the site further as time goes on. I am frustrated (and this stems from my sense that DreamWeaver is not as intuitive and easy to work with as it could be) that the text and graphics on some of my pages does not align properly, as well as with all of the extra line spacing DreamWeaver seems to think is essential but is line spacing I did not put into the original docx and htm files I created in MSWord. Still, in the overall scheme of things, these are probably rather minor details that can be dealt with to my satisfaction later on.

April 29th Readings

In “The Literature of Direct Writing Assessment: Major Concerns and Prevailing Trends,” Huot surveys the large body of literature on writing assessment in an attempt to determine what the major areas of focus and attention are in this field (as of 1990). As far as scoring essays, I was interested in Huot’s description of holistic scoring, which is how I feel I score my students’ essays. According to Huot, holistic scoring involves a “rater’s general impression of the quality of a piece of writing” (238). To me, holistic scoring of essays may involve elements of primary trait scoring and analytic scoring, but an overall determination of the quality of the writing is the goal with a holistic approach. And, particularly during this semester, I have found that grading World Lit essays based on my general impressions of them in their entirety is the most efficient way for me to go.

I was also interested in Huot’s section on raters of papers. I was intrigued by the idea that raters’ expectations about student essays plays a significant role in how those essays are scored in the assessment process. He note studies that determined essays known to be written by honors students were scored higher by raters than other kinds of students. I have found that when I’m grading essays, particularly later into a semester after I’ve had a chance to get to know my students and see what kind of work to do, that I find myself grading my best students at a higher level than those students who demonstrate less ability with writing. Perhaps I should figure out a way for my students to turn their papers in to me blindly so that I don’t know whose paper is whose and grade them that way?

White, in “The Scoring of Writing Portfolios: Phase 2,” argues that holistic scoring is a wholly inappropriate method for scoring writing portfolios. This is because holistic scoring was designed for limited and specific circumstances (1 or 2 essays with a set range of requirements), while portfolios cover a much wider range of work from a longer period of time. For White, the key to better scoring of portfolios of student writing is the reflective letter students must write as the most important component of the portfolio. In other words, students must think about the work they have done and be able to demonstrate if that work meets—or does not meet, as the case may be—the requirements of the course, program, major, or whatever overall activity/discipline they were associated with. This means that faculty and administrators of such programs must be able to provide students with clear statements about those requirements from the get-go so students know what they have to do to meet them. By the end of the program, students’ reflective letters become rhetorical arguments, with the portfolio components serving as specific evidence, that the requirements have been met. I have never scored portfolios for assessment or otherwise, but I find White’s ideas intriguing. Perhaps they can be adapted on a smaller scale for the Comp and World Lit classes I teach, but I do worry about the investment of time (of which I have so little as a Graduate Assistant) to administer such a grading method.

Royer and Gilles’s essay, “Directed Self-Placement: An Attitude of Orientation,” explores what, to me, at any rate, is a unique way of placing students in regular Freshman Composition courses or in preparatory (remedial) Freshman Composition courses: letting students decide for themselves which course they feel they should be in—based on their knowledge of themselves and their reading/writing ability. I admit, while I was reading this article, I found the very idea of “directed self-placement” to be revolutionary and I started wondering how it might work here at UNLV. In any case, the whole idea of letting students decide for themselves which composition course they should be in places the responsibility for their success or failure on them, rather than on faculty and administrators who were, in the past, trying to make decisions about people they do not know based on test scores and GPAs. After using the “directed self-placement” method for their composition courses, Royer and Gilles report good success. They feel that most students who place themselves into an ENG 098 section are those whose test scores and GPAs would have “placed” them there from the get go. What allowing students to decide for themselves which course to go into creates, are circumstances where students aren’t resentful and angry at a system and its faculty and administrators for putting them into a course they shouldn’t be in. There is just something so sensible and eminently pragmatic about Royer and Gilles ideas that seems hard to resist.

Reading the NCTE report, “The Impact of the SAT and ACT Timed Writing Tests,” was interesting and presented results I wasn’t too surprised to read. It was in March 2005 that SAT and ACT exams came to include a 25 minute timed essay as a required component—adding another layer or hoop that graduating high school students had to jump through in order to get into college. All sorts of concerns about the new timed essay portion of the exam were raised by the task force charged with looking at what the SAT/ACT folks were up to: concerns about the test’s validity and reliability as an indicator of writing ability, how implementation of the test would impact writing instruction and curriculum in high school, about the unintended consequences as far as the uses of such tests, and about equity and diversity. Not surprisingly, to me, the NCTE task force felt that the timed essay would not be a good indicator of student writing ability, that high school teachers would be forced to teach to the test (and take away valuable teaching time from other more important learning objectives), that the tests could be used as de facto placement tests by colleges and universities, and that students from different socio-economic backgrounds would be unable (for a variety of reasons) to perform as well on such exams as their white, middle-class American counterparts. This report only confirms my mistrust of standardized exams like this.

Lastly, in “An Apologia for the Timed Impromptu Essay Test,” White encourages us to not overlook (and, perhaps more importantly, not to condemn outright) the advantages timed impromptu essays offer. He points out that such tests do involve student writing, rather than the answering of multiple choice questions about grammar, mechanics, and literary attributes of texts. Students actually have to write when it comes to essay tests, and that calls for a combination of skills and abilities such as “recalling information, selecting an appropriate vocabulary, constructing sentences and paragraphs, and, somehow, having something to say” (35). But even though White encourages use of timed essay tests, he does caution us to be aware of their limitations, too. But, they can be as effective as other methods of assessment (such as portfolios)—it just depends on the circumstances. And so it does. With assessment there is no one size fits all.

4/22/10 Readings

Even though I don’t, currently, teach literacy, Freire’s article, “The Adult Literacy Process as Cultural Action for Freedom and Educatio and Conscientizacao,” was an interesting read as a companion piece to his Pedagogy of the Oppressed, which I read a number of years ago. It was intriguing to find that Freire and his associates achieved success at teaching illiterate persons how to read using terminology from their own lives. I also found the idea that you can’t just teach people literacy by demanding (or thinking all they can do is) that students learn things by rote. True teaching and true learning comes from giving students the means of understanding that they are part of culture and can, in turn, contribute to the creation of that culture. What I’ve always found problematic about Freire’s pedagogy, is that it seems incompatible (in the broadest sense) with the kinds of students I teach in the classroom here at UNLV; students who are, in the main, far more privileged and entitled in a way that those in the part of the world in which Freire worked aren’t/weren’t. As other writers have pointed out, I am working with students who are, most likely, trying enhance and solidify their position within dominant culture. They’re going to be disinclined to a pedagogy that might threaten their goals.

I also enjoyed Ira Shore’s piece, “Monday Morning Fever.” Shore draw’s on Freire’s work and in a way that makes more sense as far as empowering students as writers no matter their socio-economic or political situation. I found Shore’s detailed pedagogy intriguing, including as it does the sharing of experience and insight about work (I wondered what my students would have to say about their work experiences and how it might compare to the comments from Shore’s students about work), his method of making the classroom student-centered from the outset by having students get up in front of the classroom to introduce themselves while the professor takes notes while making him- or herself otherwise inconspicuous, and I was most impressed with the idea of having students read their papers out loud in class as a means of grammar instruction. I have long-advised my students to use such a technique in their own writing process with what I thought of as limited success, but I had never before thought of having them do it in class. Perhaps the next time I teach composition, I will employ this pedagogical technique in my classroom.

Berlin’s essay makes the point that rhetorical pedagogies are always ideological and, as such, there’s no point in claiming otherwise. Something is always at stake when it comes to teaching and learning in the university classroom. Berlin favors what he calls social-epistemic rhetoric because such a rhetoric recognizes its ideological investments (and doesn’t shy away from them), and recognizes that the world is made up of social constructs that are historically contingent (i.e., they are specific to a time and place and, thus, do not have to be the way they are but for historical accident). Teaching this way, or from this perspective, allows professors to empower students to deconstruct their world(s) and to keep them from becoming victims of the dominant (and, at times, destructive) power structures operative in those worlds.

Berlin stands in direct contrast to a scholar like Hairston, who believes, emphatically, that ideology has no place whatsoever in the college classroom and, in particular, in the freshman composition course. The only thing, Hairston argues, we should be doing as composition professors, is teaching students how to write clearly and effectively. Students (and I think she means freshman students in particular), are not capable of dealing with all of the baggage an issues- or ideological-oriented course would freight them with. I find Hairston’s ideas on this point to be derogatory toward students. Assuming from the get-go that they aren’t smart enough or sophisticated enough to be able to handle dealing with big or important issues while they are learning to write at the same time is an underestimation of students that is unfair and, in the end, derogatory. I also feel like that, with the way she presents her ideas, she creates an either/or binary about writing and ideology that fails to take into account of the possibilities of a yes/and pedagogy. Why can’t students learn how to write just as well (if not better) in a composition class that is focused on some sort of a social or political issue that might have relevance in their everyday lives? To just dismiss that possibility outright seems shortsighted.

I also liked Smith’s article on academic gatekeeping. In it, Smith offers a down-to-earth take on the “issue” of gatekeeping. Whether we like it or not, we are gatekeepers and our students, prior to arriving in our college classrooms, have jumped through a huge number of gates to get there. I do like his supposition that we should expand our notion of what gatekeeping is, and I found his example of someone in the composition classroom who wants to be a doctor to be compelling. As writing teachers, we can’t teach someone how to operate on another human being’s brain, but we can teach such students about being a dedicated (for example) individual that will, hopefully, have an impact on the kind of doctor that student becomes later in life. In that sense Smith, as I understand him, sees gatekeeping. Gatekeeping, in other words, should not be seen as the negative it has become.

Readings for 04/15/10

Hillocks’s “What Works in Teaching Composition: A Meta-analysis of Experimental Treatment Studies” was published in 1984 and, when I noticed that date, I was afraid the material it covered would be just as dated. In any case, this essay, as its title suggests, looks at what it terms “experimental treatments” as regards composition studies in order to get a sense of what does and what doesn’t work from a pedagogical perspective in the classroom. Instruction methods tracked in the course of the study include: presentational (where the teacher presents knowledge and expects students to soak it up), natural process (makes use of such things as free writing and peer reviewing with fairly minimal teacher involvement), environmental (teacher direction is specific and oriented toward student production of specific tasks, but teacher involvement is still minimal), and individual (where instruction is tailored to individual students through various means). Findings of the study include that the presentational pedagogy is the least effective at teaching writing to students yet, at the same time, it is the most prevalent pedagogy used in the classroom, while the most effective pedagogy is environmental. Another finding was that teaching of grammar in the composition classroom rarely proves effective. This study seems to me like a rather laborious way of getting to a point that seems like common sense to me: that a composition pedagogy needs to be multivalent and accommodating rather than narrowly-focused and draconian. But that’s just me.

In “Contemporary Composition: The Major Pedagogical Theories,” Berlin examines, briefly and succinctly, four major schools of thought on composition pedagogy: those of the “Neo-Aristotelians or Classicists, the Positivists or Current-Traditionalists, the Neo-Platonists or Expressionists, and the New Rhetoricians” (766). (In regards to the latter category, I am left wondering if the term New Rhetoricians ever caught on and if it is in current/general use. Nevertheless, it’s a nice steal from Greenblatt’s New Historicism.) The Neo-Aristotelian approach uses logic/reason on data in order to get at the truth; in this system, a sign = a thing unproblematically. The Current-Traditional approach is a means of getting at truth by what is observable or what is empirical, and it, Berlin notes, dominates composition instruction (or, at least it did in the 1980s when he wrote this essay). The Expressionist approach is a Platonic approach that seeks for truth but is suspicious that language can ever express said truth because language is prone to error and instability. Perhaps because Berlin himself, as he admits readily, is a proponent of the New Rhetorical approach to composition pedagogy, his comments on the other three approaches seem derogatory. Be that as it may, he notes that the New Rhetorical approach embraces the idea that truth “is dynamic and dialectical” and that “data must always be interpreted—structured and organized—in order to have meaning” (774). Given this idea, New Rhetoric invites and encourages students to become the creators of meaning rather than merely passive receptors of “knowledge” imparted to them by their teachers. With the way Berlin presents it, New Rhetoric seems like an incredibly idealistic pedagogy. But the idea of creating meaning through interpretation appeals to me as a composition instructor, especially one like myself attempting to work with queer theory and the discourse(s) of heteronormativity in the classroom. It seems the best way to teach students how to deal with the discursive world in which we live.

As its title suggests, Fulkerson’s article looks at the state of composition pedagogy at the turn of the 21st century. Fulkerson seems convinced that composition pedagogy at the (mostly) present time has turned toward social theories, critical/cultural studies approaches. Given, once again, my interest in bringing queer theory into the composition classroom, this part of Fulkerson’s essay was particularly interesting. On this subject, although Fulkerson attempts to maintain a dispassionate or disinterested ethos, I found this part of his survey subtly biased against CCS approaches to teaching composition. Fulkerson’s main fear with CCS approaches seems to be that they do not foster teaching students how to write or what (undefined) good writing is—in favor of an agenda- or politically-driven pedagogy aimed at teaching students how to resist Western society’s dominant discourses (inclusive of patriarchy, capitalism, heterosexuality, racism, etc.). Fulkerson does raise a good point: if you’re going to use a CCS approach in the composition classroom, how are you going to make sure that composition remains a primary focus, as well? And that is something I feel I need to take into account as I develop my own queer composition pedagogy. In any case, after surveying Contemporary Expressivist Composition, Process and Post-Process theories, and Rhetorical Approaches to Composition, Fulkerson concludes that the composition classroom has, in the ten years between 1990 and 2000, become a far more complex place for professors and students alike to negotiate successfully (and this is particularly true with the seeming prevalence of CCS approaches to pedagogy that have manifest in those ten years). Hard to disagree with him there.

In their article, Downs and Wardle argue for changing the First Year Composition Course into an Introduction to Writing Studies course, a move, they claim, would allow composition and composition instructors to take their rightful place within the academy. This would be because, they insist, Writing Studies would move composition away from a one-size-fits-all and skills-based approach to the teaching of writing and toward something more rigorous and recursive. This is an intriguing approach to composition pedagogy that offers a number of elements that seem to be compatible with incorporating CCS (like queer theory) into the composition classroom. I was particularly impressed with Downs and Wardle’s insistence that their Introduction to Writing Studies course would accord full respect to students by refusing to make or give in to the persistent differentiation between student and expert writers. And, finally, in “Post-Process ‘Pedagogy’: A Philosophical Exercise,” Breuch makes explicit the fact that post-process pedagogy is much more than a critique of process pedagogy; post-process pedagogy is, in fact, aligned with notions of writing being an indeterminate range of related activities and demands engagement in the various discourse communities we all find ourselves caught up in (whether we realize it or not).

Proposal 2nd Draft -- Still needs work

This still needs work, but here is a draft of my paper proposal:

One of the things I was most excited about when I entered graduate school was that, for the first time in my life, I was going to get to teach, to be the one at the head of the classroom. Four or five years later, I’m still just as excited about teaching in the university setting. But, increasingly, issues associated with sexuality have come into play as regards myself and my place and purpose as a college teacher. As a gay man, should I be at all concerned with the problematics of sexuality in relation to the fact that I am the one in the position of authority now in the classroom? In other words, am I obligated to, in effect, come out to my students just because I am a gay man? Should my sexuality have any effect on the education my students receive from me? Shifting the focus just a bit, do I have an obligation to other GLBQT people—past, present, and future—to be open and honest about my sexuality in the classroom? To do what I can as a gay educator in the college environment to change things, hopefully for the better? If I were to attempt to queer the composition classroom(s) I am responsible for, how would I go about doing so? What would the texts I use in the classroom look like? What methodologies and pedagogies would I employ? What would be the goals and purposes of a queer composition classroom?

In “Rhetoric on the Edge of Cunning; Or, The Performance of Neutrality (Re)Considered As a Composition Pedagogy for Student Resistance,” Karen Kopelson argues for suspect [as regards, for example, race, gender, sexuality] individuals who are also in teaching positions to play their cards as close to their vests as possible when it comes to resistant composition students (and for Kopelson, all undergraduate students are resistant to writing instruction). In other words, Kopelson does not advocate a teacher’s coming out, if you will, to his or her students in the composition classroom. Even if teachers’ pedagogical aims are far from neutral and far from being depoliticized, the personal investments of said teachers need not be made manifest in the classroom.

As compelling as Kopelson’s insights are, I find Didi Khayatt’s approach to the idea of coming out in the classroom—as detailed in the article: “Paradoxes of the Closet: Beyond the Classroom Assignment of In or Out”—in which she argues that coming out in the classroom allows teachers to reinforce and support their students (no matter where they fall within the sexuality spectrum), to be a role model for all students (not just their fellow gay and lesbian students), to participate truly and wholeheartedly in the project of unsettling the dominance of heterosexuality, to prevent the continued institutionalization of homophobia and, to put themselves on the line for what they believe in.

Other scholars, including Edward J. Ingebretsen, Harriet Malinowitz, and David L. Wallace also deal with the pragmatics and the problematics of professors coming out in the composition
classroom. These individuals, unlike Kopelson, advocate teachers being open and honest about sexuality and its attendant issues with their students. But what happens after the professor comes out? How can said professor continue to queer the composition classroom beyond that milestone?

This seems to be the gap in current queer composition theory. As such, what I propose to do in this paper is to sketch out what kinds of readings and assignments could be used to teach students about rhetoric—as a form of persuasion—and discourse in a meaningful way that is in touch with contemporary issues. For example, if teaching students how to produce a Summary and Response paper (one of the first papers done in ENG 101 at UNLV), how would such an assignment look if the primary readings for it were coming out narratives written by lesbians and gay men? Perhaps a corollary assignment could be having students write a coming out narrative of their own—even if they identify as straight. What would a Definition paper assignment look like if that assignment were focused on marriage? Such an assignment would ask students not only to define marriage, but to explain how/why they would define it in such a way. Texts that could be used might include the proposed DOMA (Domestic Marriage Act) amendment to the United States Constitution, or something more local, like Nevada’s Constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage. Analyzing such texts as rhetorical and discursive products and how they affect people in the so-called real world would provide an incomparable education in composition. It would also allow for Queer Theory (with a capital Q and a capital T) to be brought into the composition classroom in a meaningful and productive way.

On Readings for 040810

This week’s readings on computers and writing proved interesting. Patricia Sullivan’s “Taking Control of the Page: Electronic Writing and Word Publishing” verged on the anachronistic—even though it was published only twenty years ago—yet some of the points Sullivan raises are still valid in the composition classroom of the 21st century. It was great to be informed about how, historically, and since the invention of the printing press, the writing of a text was separate from said text’s composition (in terms of layout, design, typeface, etc.) and physical publication. Writers, in other words, did not have to be concerned with how their texts looked, that was someone else’s job to worry about. With the advent of desktop publishing in the 1990s and even more sophisticated means of text preparation and presentation to an audience, more and more writers (or authors) could take control of the final product that results from their original written text. Here at UNLV, the only aspect of composition I am aware of we use to teach or to familiarize students with the possibility of using something other than basic text in their essays is in ENG 102. In that class, one of the requirements for successful completion of students’ 7-10 page researched argumentative essays is the inclusion of some kind of a graphic. This graphic can be a picture, a chart, a graph, etc. Of course, the picture, chart, graph or whatever that students choose to incorporate into their essays must make sense within the context of the essay itself and it must work aesthetically. For me, since I am only reasonably familiar with MSWord and, to a far lesser extent, MSExcel, I find it difficult as the professor to teach students how to bring in such elements as pictures, charts, graphs and so on so that they end up being effective and enhancing components of their essays. Also, having been schooled for more years than I’d like to remember in English studies as a text-based discipline, I am far more used to creating essays that are textual only and sans anything like pictures, charts, graphs, etc. Granted, I still want those texts to be pleasing to the eye of my readers and to be easily comprehensible (for the most part), but moving too far away from strictly textual boundaries puts me in something of an uncomfortable position.

In “The Internet-Based Composition Classroom: A Study in Pedagogy,” Harris and Wambeam discuss their 1994 experiments with creating a truly Internet-based pedagogy in the composition classroom. As someone who is considering using blogs as the medium my students will complete and submit their response papers for the next incarnation of my ENG 231 class, I found Harris and Wambeam’s experiments with listserves and email communications to be intriguing. It was heartening to see that students in the Internet-based classroom (as opposed to those in the control, or traditional, classroom) responded enthusiastically to performing to classroom assignments—and their peers—in the online environment. Of course, someone like Mueller, in “Digital Underlife in the Networked Writing Classroom,” comes along later (at least in the sequence that I read this week’s essays) and offers, via a citation, a more cautionary tale of blogging in the classroom; here, one teacher recounts how her students felt blogging was just another required activity—another hoop they had to jump through—just to get a grade. It wasn’t, in other words, an activity they engaged with.

Setting aside one teacher’s less than great experience using blogging in the Internet-Based Composition Classroom, I think teaching in a wired classroom offers, or can offer, more benefits than problematics. I suppose I qualify as one of those instructors who has “given in” to the fact that technology is ubiquitous and that no matter what proscriptions I may put in place “against” technology in the classroom, my students are going to find ways to circumvent those proscriptions. So, I tell them up front as class is starting at the beginning of the semester that they are free to use their laptops or Ipads or cell phones for whatever, as long as they are respectful of me and their colleagues—meaning, I do not allow them to take and receive calls in class, but they are free to text as much as they want as long as they realize that they still need to be paying attention to the lecture and to their peers in class discussions. I liked Mueller’s use of the phrase “economies of attention” because it seems so apropos to today’s students; they really do need to pay attention to a lot of different competing things. I haven’t heard the phrase in some time, but one mark of a good employee in the regular working world is someone who could multitask; in order to multitask, one needs to be able to fragment one’s attention to various things effectively. So, why not use the classroom to allow students to develop their abilities to do multiple things at once?

Having used some kind of a word processing program since PCs entered the working and the university worlds 30 some odd years ago (give or take), I have been suspicious of the grammar and spell-checkers embedded within such programs as MSWord. So I really enjoyed reading McGee and Ericsson’s “The politics of the program: MSWORD as the invisible grammarian.” As a writer, I don’t often use the grammar function in MSWord, meaning I don’t put much stock in the grammar suggestions MSWord presents to me as I am writing. SpellCheck has become something that happens pretty much automatically these days, so that I do use, if more by default than anything else. As far as my students are concerned, I find myself having to remind them that, at least when it comes to spelling, they still need to double check and proofread their essays before they turn them in to me—particularly as regards homonyms and so forth. Also, in my general experience, it seems to me that if MSWord’s grammar checker were truly effective, I wouldn’t see so many comma splices, misplaced modifiers, and subject-verb agreement problems as I do in my students’ essays.

And, finally, in “Understanding ‘Internet Plagiarism’,” Rebecca Moore Howard reminds us that it only seems like plagiarism cases have risen to intolerable levels because of the ubiquitousness of the Internet. She goes on, rightly, in my opinion, to charge us as composition professors, to be vigilant about teaching our students how to cite source usage properly. And that is just plain common sense.

Conference Paper: Working Annotated Bibliography

Ingebretsen, Edward J. “When the Cave Is a Closet: Pedagogies of the (Re)Pressed.” In Lesbian and Gay Studies and the Teaching of English: Positions, Pedagogies, and Cultural Politics. Ed. William J. Spurlin. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 2000. 14-35. A gay professor at a Catholic university, Ingebretsen makes the point that teachers like him are probably the most monstrous of creatures in the heterosexist, patriarchal culture of the West. Being openly gay in the classroom means risking becoming a public and a political spectacle. This underscores how heterosexuality presumes and perpetuates its normality and its role as the enforcer of all kinds of behaviors it considers acceptable and non-acceptable. Allowing gays and lesbians to have a voice in the rarified space of the classroom is transgressive and potentially liberating. Useful within my own project for considering how my own sexuality could come into play as a composition professor and for how to prepare for groups of students who are like the trapped figures in Plato’s Cave and may not deal easily or well with the idea of the gay Other.

Khayatt, Didi. “Paradoxes of the Closet: Beyond the Classroom Assignment of In or Out.” In Inside the Academy and Out: Lesbian/Gay/Queer Studies and Social Action. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. 31-48. In this piece, Khayatt argues for professors to be open and upfront about their personal investments—particularly as regards sexuality—in the courses they teach. Being open about sexuality allows teachers to reinforce and support their students, be a role model, to participate in the ongoing project of unsettling the dominance of heterosexuality, to avoid the continuation of institutionalizing homophobia, and to, as leaders, put the self on the line. Useful for my project because Khayatt provides a cogent argument for being out in the classroom that challenges the neutrality Kopelson argues for in her piece and which makes me uncomfortable.

Kopelson, Karen. “Rhetoric on the Edge of Cunning; Or, The Performance of Neutrality (Re)Considered As a Composition Pedagogy for Student Resistance.” College Composition and Communication. 55.1 (2003): 115-146. Kopelson’s main argument in this piece is that composition professors should teach from what she describes as a position of neutrality—even if their pedagogical goals are far from being neutral. She feels such an approach to teaching will accomplish more as far as reaching resistant undergraduates than being open and explicit about where one stands on issues such as gender and sexuality in the classroom. Useful for my project because I do not agree with Kopelson’s idea of pedagogical subterfuge, even if it may be more effective in changing the minds of students for the better about all of the Others they will encounter in their lives.

Malinowitz, Harriet. “‘Truth’ or Consequences: The Lesbian or Gay Student in the Mainstream Writing Class.” Chapter Two of Textual Orientations: Lesbian and Gay Students and the Making of Discourse Communities. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995. 35-44. Given the undeniable and pervasive homophobia of Western society, the lesbian or gay student in the composition classroom faces myriad difficulties when faced with the charge of writing authentically about their lived experience. What, Malinowitz wonders, would help such students to feel comfortable and empowered to write about such things as coming out, one of the most singular and crucial experiences of gays and lesbians, yet one that is discounted entirely by normative heterosexuality? How can such students become empowered as writers? Advocates creating a “safe” classroom where gay and lesbian students can be themselves without fear of harm of any kind. Useful for my project in imagining what kind of a composition classroom I could create in which all students are welcome and encouraged to be authentic and real.

——. “Adrian O’Connor: ‘It’s a Social World.’” Chapter Eight of Textual Orientations: Lesbian and Gay Students and the Making of Discourse Communities. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995. 163-185. This chapter of Malinowitz’s book describes the experiences of a young gay man known as Adrian in the composition classroom that Malinowitz led at what she refers to as Cosmopolitan University. With the encouragement of his teacher and his fellow students, this writing course allowed Adrian to find his authentic voice and, perhaps more importantly, his identity as a young gay man. Useful to my project for revealing how my interventions as a gay composition professor might help my students at some point in the future.

Wallace, David L. “Out in the Academy: Heterosexism, Invisibility, and Double Consciousness.” College English. 65.1 (2002): 53-66. Focuses on three experiences Wallace, as a gay professor at Iowa Sate University, had facing heterosexism in the academy. For Wallace, these “institutional moments” led him “to speak or write as a gay academic in the service of beginning to make political interventions in dominant culture” (54). The most poignant of the three experiences involved gay students at ISU who were prevented from attending meetings of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Ally Alliance on campus because of commitments to a summer bridge program the administrators of would not find a way to accommodate. For Wallace, the administrators’ actions made it seem as if the students’ sexuality/identity did not matter. Though unsuccessful in getting the administrators to change their minds about the LGBTAA, Wallace did what he could to help the students. Useful for my project for providing examples of the kinds of interventions I could on behalf of my students once in the position to do so.

Proposal Draft / Questions for Conference Paper

One of the things I was most excited about when I entered graduate school was that, for the first time in my life, I was going to get to teach, to be the one at the head of the classroom. Four or five years later, I’m still just as excited about teaching in the university setting. But, increasingly, issues associated with sexuality have come into play as regards myself and my place and purpose as a college teacher. As a gay man, should I be at all concerned with the problematics of sexuality in relation to the fact that I am the one in the position of authority now in the classroom? In other words, am I obligated to, in effect, come out to my students just because I am a gay man? Should my sexuality have any effect on the education my students receive from me? Shifting the focus just a bit, do I have an obligation to other GLBQT people—past, present, and future—to be open and honest about my sexuality in the classroom? To do what I can as a gay educator in the college environment to change things, hopefully for the better? If I were to attempt to queer the composition classroom(s) I am responsible for, how would I go about doing so? What would the texts I use in the classroom look like? What methodologies and pedagogies would I employ? What would be the goals and purposes of a queer composition classroom?

For 3/18/10 Readings

Whether focused on women, feminism, race, ESL, or the potentiality of world Englishes, this week’s articles bring the issue of the Other in the composition classroom to the forefront. As an Other myself because of my sexuality, these articles really resonated with me. Flynn takes on the idea of how composing may be fundamentally different from composing as a man, and this piece made me wonder if gay men might compose differently from straight men, straight women, bisexual individuals, lesbians, etc., and if there has been any kind of research done on such a topic. For Flynn, it seems as if women seek out connection and solidarity with other women in their compositions, whereas for men it’s about individuality and success, success specifically at the expense of others. It would, also, be interesting to study the essays I get from my composition students to see if gender differences reveal themselves as Flynn suggests.

Richie and Boardman, on the other hand, provide a brief history of feminism in the composition classroom and show us that, despite the strides made by feminists in the last 30 to 40 years, those strides often go unrecognized and reveal that there is still much more work to be done, particularly in the area of feminist disruption—disruption of the patriarchal, heterosexist paradigms that continue to dominate composition studies. All of which, as Richie and Boardman rightly insist, “require rhetorical skill” (604). Indeed, if you can’t present yourself in a certain way and make sure that you’re taken seriously, success ant disruption will prove elusive.

Royster’s article reminded/showed me that my first voice was not my own—it was the voice of the patriarchal/heterosexist power structure that in one insidious way or another, was always trying to keep me, as a gay man, quiet and marginalized. Overall, what Royster calls for is a more inclusive and accepting (for lack of a better term) way of teaching, learning, researching, and publishing that creates the circumstances for real learning of and about the Other—from the Other’s perspective and from the perspective of those in the dominant classes of Western society.

On the subject of ESL students . . . I want to begin with noting the fact that, here at UNLV, we as graduate assistants are not trained in how to work with such students. Having worked in an administrative capacity in the composition office for a couple of years, I know they do a good job of trying to get students with ESL needs into the composition courses offered by the ESL office (I can’t think of its actual name right off the top of my head). But, in my four years of teaching, I’ve had plenty of students for whom English was not their first language and I could tell they were struggling with writing. I would like to see much more provided to us as GTAs in terms of how to teach these students. But I doubt that will ever happen. Basically we are told that, if they’re in a regular composition class, they need to be held accountable to the same standards and expectations as those students for whom English is their first/primary/native language.

One of the things that I missed in this week’s readings had to do with people with disabilities. In almost every class I’ve taught here at UNLV in the last four years, I’ve had students with some kind of a disability that needed accommodations of one kind or another. For example, in one of the World Literature courses I’m teaching now, I have a student who is blind. Often times she is late to class because she gets lost on the way into CBC, but beyond that minor detail, she has serious difficulties with writing—in terms of amounts of writing, the coherency of writing, and with controlling the surface features of her writing. Once again, this is an area we as GTA’s get no support or instruction on how to deal with in our literature or composition classrooms. Am I just supposed to let my requirements and expectations go for this one student because she cannot meet them? What kind of an education is that for her? How has she gotten this far (she’s a senior) in her college education other than the fact that other professors have let her “slide.” This is an other kind of Other that most certainly warrants critical attention.

On Readings for 3/4/10

“The Writer’s Audience Is Always a Fiction.” When I first read the title of Walter J. Ong’s article, I thought—naively, of course—that Ong’s argument was going to be that a writer’s audience, for all intents and purposes, does not exist and that’s why it’s a fiction. Very quickly, however, I realized what Ong meant with his pithy/catchy title is that a writer’s audience is always a construct, an imaginative creation on the part of a writer as well as on the part of an audience member in direct relation to the written work of said writer (as much as a writer tries to imagine and to write to a particular audience, members within that audience try to read the products of those efforts as they think the writer intended them to). Drawing on my own experience in the ENG 101 composition classroom at UNLV, the basic instruction we give our students is that their audience extends beyond the professor to include college-educated people with an interest in the topic of their essays. I have serious doubts that—no matter what we tell them or write out on our assignment sheets—students ever believe that anyone other than their professor (and maybe one or two of their peers) is going to read and/or have an interest in the essays they have to produce in composition. And in ENG 102, imagining/creating an audience only goes a step or two further because we do try to teach students that they need to account for the fact that they may be dealing with audiences who—though college-educated and interested in the subjects of their essays—may also be disinclined to agree or even downright hostile toward the point of view or argument students are trying to make in their own works. In both the 101/102 situations, the audience always remains a construct of the student writer’s imagination and, hence, as much of a fiction as Ong suggests.

In “Audience Addressed/Audience Invoked: The Role of Audience in Composition Theory and Pedagogy,” Lisa Ede and Andrea Lunsford continue the conversation about audience and how the idea of audience impacts the pragmatics of teaching and learning composition. If I understood Ede and Lunsford correctly, an Audience Addressed is a known commodity, i.e. knowledge of an “audiences attitudes, beliefs, and expectations is not only possible (via observation and analysis) but essential” when it comes to writing in the composition classroom (156). The problem, for Ede and Lunsford, with this model of audience and writer interaction, is that it relies too heavily on audience response (rather than writer agency) for judgment of the success or failure of a writer’s work. The phrase Audience Invoked, on the other hand, is more in line with Ong’s idea of a writer’s audience always being a fiction: writers, from the perspective of an invoked audience, are always trying to figure out who makes up the audience of their writing productions and what are their wants, needs, desires, expectations, etc. as readers. Ede and Lunsford go on to propose an audience that is shaped by the demands of the rhetorical situation at hand—as such, an audience can be addressed or invoked. What is most important is the writer who ought to be “guided by a sense of purpose and by the particularities of a specific rhetorical situation” and who “establishes the range of potential roles an audience may play” in reading her/his work (166).

For me, audience has always been a rather shadowy concept that—despite having taught in the composition classroom for a few years now—I feel like I have no idea how to teach to my students in a way that will allow them to come to a comprehensive understanding of the concept that they can use/rely on as they continue their educational and professional endeavors. As a graduate student specializing in Shakespeare studies, my idea of audience when I write—in most instances, at any rate—is more influenced by the ideas of intertextuality and discourse communities that James E. Porter discusses in “Interextuality and Discourse Community.” When I’m writing about a Shakespearean play, I have to be aware of the fact that 400 years (give or take) of criticism and ideas precede me and my work—and I have to acknowledge that mass of knowledge and insight in the way I write/what I say both explicitly and implicitly, or else my work is never going to be taken seriously by the community of Shakespeareans with which I am involved with professionally. So, for example, if I’m writing a character study of Iago from Othello, I need to be aware that character study within the larger enterprise of Shakespeare studies got its start with A.C. Bradley in the early 20th century AND that character study has, in the main, fallen out of favor in the contemporary critical world where Shakespeare is concerned. But how do you teach such ideas—in general or in specific circumstances—to undergraduates who are not yet full members (if you will) of such discourse communities—especially, for example, here at UNLV where our ENG 101 course focuses on teaching student how to write generic essays like the narrative, the definition, the explanation, the problem-solution, and the researched argument essay? Except for the latter, how can we make discourse and their situatedness within discourse make sense to our students at the undergraduate level?

Bruffee, in “Collaborative Learning and the ‘Conversation of Mankind,’” expands on the idea of larger, organizing fields of discourse our undergraduate students are becoming involved with as members of the university community. Seeing these discourses as more encompassing conversations that mankind has been having for eons, Bruffee argues that students working in collaborative environments and situations—as opposed to individually—enhances learning because it mimics not only how things work in the “real” world, but also how “real” academics work with one another in academe. I have a very negative bias against just about anything associated with collaborative learning, and I can’t imagine why students wouldn’t, too—given that grades are always individual results, not collective results. Also, drawing on my experiences, again, in the UNLV ENG 101/102 classroom, I’ve found that students engagement with collaborative learning as regards peer reviewing his lackluster if not almost hostile. Most students give little more than a half-hearted effort to truly responding to the papers of their peers which, as the instructor, makes it seem like such a collaborative learning exercise is not at all beneficial.

Trimbur, in “Consensus and Difference in Collaborative Learning,” voices some of my other concerns as regards collaborative learning. Of course, Trimbur admits he’s not the first to say it, but he does summarize what others have said very well: that collaborative learning can—if not done right—can create circumstances in which group think becomes a hegemonic force that silences the voices of students who disagree with prevailing views. As such, Trimbur goes on to argue for a collaborative learning pedagogy that courts dissensions or dissensus. Once again, as a student and as a professor, collaborative learning in whatever form makes me nervous and I would want to shy away from it.

Johnson-Eilola and Selber’s article, “Plagiarism, Originality, Assemblage,” was an interesting read, to say the least. I liked how they tried to link things from architecture and web design to composition pedagogies which, in their opinion, are way too Romantic in that they insist on the perpetuation of the student-as-lone-genius-producing-original-work myth. If, for example, you look at any of the housing tracts I’ve seen sprout up just in my lifetime here in the Las Vegas metropolitan area as well as all over Southern California, the design of the houses is depressingly the same in terms of styles and stucco colors, etc. And, since last December, I’ve gotten hooked on the ABC daytime drama One Life to Live, which, at this time, is featuring a gay love story that is being very well-told. Of course, I don’t have time to watch full episodes of One Life to Live every single day, so I’ve turned to watching YouTube clips instead. A number of the posters to YouTube have taken to posting only those scenes from each episode that involve Kyle and Oliver from the gay love story. In fact, one poster has created new title sequences for these compilation clips and called them One Life to Live: The Kyle and Oliver Story. All of this is assemblage in exactly the way Johnson-Eilola and Selber talk about it. Why can't students do something similar in their compositions?

On 2/25/10 Readings

“The fact that we do not commonly feel the influence of writing on our thoughts shows that we have interiorized the technology of writing so deeply that without tremendous effort we cannot separate it from ourselves or even recognize its presence and influence” (19). So writes Walter J. Ong, S.J., in “Writing is a Technology that Restructures Thought.” The ideas associated with writing and thought that Ong discusses seem to flirt with the whole which came first question, the chicken or the egg? At least for those of us who grew up in a culture where writing was not only an advanced technology, but ubiquitous to the functioning of society and relations between beings in said society. As Ong shows, thought came first, particularly in oral societies that moved (easily?) from thought to the spoken word. For people in oral societies, a thing—such as a tree—for example, was simply a tree. For us today, given the pervasive influence of writing, a tree can never be just a tree since we define “words by other words,” [a tree is different from a bush or a plant, at least in specificities; trees are differentiated among trees by type: elm, aspen, oak, etc.] (26). Someone in an oral culture, on the other hand, would determine what tree means “by putting the word in a non-verbal context, as in pointing to a tree, not by saying in words what ‘tree’ means” (26). Thus the technology of writing—which includes defining or describing things by using words rather than material realities (i.e., a tree itself)—changes how we think about the world in which we live. I liked Ong’s relating of the technology of writing to the technology of computers—both as something that we do not need to be afraid of and can, in fact, benefit society in unforeseen ways. But both, also, as technologies that can change the way we think about the world.

Ong’s article emphasizing the idea of writing as a technology that has influenced the way human beings think about the world serves as a nice prelude to the two articles on writing and cognition which—to me—simply means the way we think not only about the world, but how we approach the completion of all the tasks we are required to address in life. For Flower and Hayes, writing “is best understood as a set of distinctive thinking processes which writers orchestrate or organize during the act of composing” (275). These thinking processes as regards a specific writing task are, for them, hierarchical, and include such elements as planning, translating, reviewing (each of which have their own embedded components), and guide the overall production of a piece of writing. Flower and Hayes’ model or theory of writing as a hierarchical arrangement of thinking processes makes sense as a means of working with knowledge in order to develop either new knowledge or an understanding of current knowledge about a particular topic. What bothers me about it, is that it seems too linear in that there seems to be no recursive or reflexive aspect to Flower and Hayes’ theory. No matter how good a writer one thinks him or herself to be, no one gets it right the first time all the time.

In “Cognition, Convention, and Certainty: What We Need to Know About Writing,” Patricia Bizzell takes issue with Flower and Hayes’ cognitive model of writing, even as she agrees with the basic premise that writing is thinking (and vice versa?). She goes on to discuss the idea (borrowed from Stanley Fish, et al) of discourse communities in which, particularly in the academic realm, students are, more or less, part of. Indeed, without building some kind of familiarity or sophistication with a particular discourse community, students will be unlikely to be able to write appropriately within such a community. As such, we as compositionists need to be teaching students about the conventions of various discourse communities. These discourse communities offer a way of thinking about the world in specific ways that must (can) be learned and, by so doing, perpetuate themselves. The way Bizzell describes this idea in a more general moment is: “we can know nothing but what we have words for, if knowledge is what language makes of experience” (395). From my own experience as a professor of World Literature, I cannot expect my students to write as academic literary critics until I teach them—and they (hopefully) learn the idiosyncratic language of academic literary critics; indeed, until I do that, they will not be able to fully partake in the discourse community of academic literary critics. From this perspective, I need to teach my literature students how to invent the university, insofar as the university (or a small part of the university, rather) is a discourse community of literary critics. Once they “know” the language of literary criticism, my students can participate more fully in such a community. Learning about how literary critics write is going to change my students’ thinking about their world in specific ways.

Of course, as a Composition and a Literature teacher in the freshman and sophomore classroom, and as Kellogg points out in “Training Writing Skills: A Cognitive Developmental Perspective,” I am just one part of a years’ long process of learning for students; indeed a process that can take 20 some years for students to complete or master and bring themselves to the level of knowledge-crafting—if they ever get that far. I loved Kellogg’s comparison of writing at an expert level to that of learning how to play a musical instrument like the violin—through a combination of dedicated practice as well as watching how such playing is done from others. It just seemed so apropos given that I feel I have grown and matured as a writer through a years’ long process of trial and error, practice, sweat, and, at times, tears and frustration.

I liked Dias, Freedman, Medway, and Pare’s article, “Distributed Cognition at Work,” because of the years I spent in the “real” working world prior to returning to academia. I worked for a direct marketing company for about 15 years that was privately owned by its founders who were family. For many of those years, I was an analyst, responsible for looking at numbers and, in so doing, providing interpretations for my higher-ups about what our future mailings should look like in terms of which customers to target (send catalogs to), how many customers to target (500,000 or 1,000,000?), customers from which age groups and from which spending category to target . . . and so forth. In effect, I was creating a narrative of past mailings and using those to craft another narrative of what our future mailings should look like with the goal being to make the maximum amount of money for the company.

Russell’s “Rethinking Genre in School and Society: An Activity Theory Analysis” was an interesting read—for me, most particularly as regards how multifaceted students are in their lives, i.e. as students, as family members, as boyfriend/girlfriend/husband/wife/significant other, as community activists, etc. – and how those spheres can influence their involvement in academic disciplines and academic discourses. I feel the push and pull of these forces now as a PhD student in English here at UNLV. I am a literature scholar, specializing in Shakespeare, which demands that I focus my research on certain kinds of projects and that I write those projects in a certain kind of way. Yet, I am also a gay man, and I feel it is important for me to research and write about Shakespeare from that perspective—even if it is still a minority perspective. Granted, so doing may limit my options in the working academic world that, were I more of a Shakespearean generalist, might not happen. But I am not willing to forego the kind of research and writing I think is important . . . indeed crucial.

Dissonance Blog Entry (Finally)

Although I did a fair amount of workplace training throughout the years I worked in marketing, I did not begin teaching formally—in a college classroom environment—until I became a part of the MA program in English here at UNLV in Fall 2006. During my first semester as a graduate assistant, I was responsible for teaching one section of ENG 101 Composition I. (I served the other part of my department commitment in an administrative capacity as the Composition Coordinator, otherwise I would have been assigned to teach two sections of ENG 101.) Looking back on my first semester teaching from the vantage point of three-and-a-half years later, I feel like I made a number of significant mistakes that, perhaps, I could have avoided had circumstances (i.e. my training, mentoring, prior experience, etc.) been even just a little different.

As I have written elsewhere, one thing I did that first semester of teaching that benefitted neither me nor any of my students was taking an entirely negative and overly prescriptive approach to grading and commenting on the essays my students turned in for evaluation. Without even realizing it, I fell—all-too easily—into the trap of feeling like it was my job to point out every single little thing that was wrong with my students’ papers. In red ink, no less. It was exhausting work, of course, but I felt I had little choice given how “bad” I thought the papers were. And I thought I was doing the right thing by them by being so anal-retentive about their work. But I was taken aback—and hurt, too, if truth be told—when one of my students commented on his/her teaching evaluation (and on RateMyProfessor—which, after reading about myself at that site, I could not bring myself to look at it again; and still haven’t looked at since the end of fall term 2006) that I was the kind of professor who was never happy with anything. Reading that, I realized that was not how I wanted to be, or to be perceived as, as far as my teaching is concerned.

When I came across an article on facilitative versus directive response on student essays that I had to read as part of the ENG 791 seminar, it was, for all intents and purposes, too late for me to make any changes that would make any difference in the first college composition course I taught, at least as far as how I was responding to my students’ essays. But that article stood out in my mind because it—unlike the minimal mentoring and training I had received in teaching college composition—showed me that there was another way to evaluate student essays that would, hopefully, encourage them to produce substantive revisions and without making them feel like I was unhappy with everything I saw in their writing and that their work would never be up to my, or any other professor’s, par.

I did not teach again until fall term 2008 because, beginning in spring 2007, I moved into administration as the Composition Coordinator for the entirety of my graduate assistantship (i.e. the full 20 hours a week work requirement). In fall 2008, I did teach two sections of ENG 101, and I felt I had a much, much better experience teaching that time around than I did when I first taught ENG 101. I incorporated the use of more facilitative responses on my students’ essays and did my best to avoid making prescriptive and negative comments altogether. I want to think I was pretty successful at this avoidance, and that both me and my students enjoyed those two sections of ENG 101 far more than me and my students from 2006. Not incidentally, teaching ENG 101 again in fall 2008 was when I realized—after I relaxed a bit as a teacher and stopped holding myself and my students to such impossibly high standards—I liked reading my students’ essays and seeing where they were in terms of knowledge as human beings. And that was a very cool feeling.

In spring of 2009, I taught two sections of ENG 102 Composition II for the first time, in a computer classroom (CBC C311). Even after working for two years in the department as the Composition Coordinator with Dr. Brown, Carol, Elaine, and Ruby, and after having gone through ENG 791 and after having taught a few sections of ENG 101, I feel I (and I suspect most of my first-time-teaching-102 colleagues, as well) was woefully unprepared to teach ENG 102. The goal of ENG 102 here at UNLV is to teach students how to produce a fairly substantial research paper; so it is a very different course from ENG 101 where the goal is to introduce students to various types of generic expository writing in such forms as narrative, definition, process analysis, evaluation, and problem-solution essays.

With ENG 102, I was given, basically, a shell of a syllabus, a textbook, and my section assignments . . . and then thrown into the deep end of the pool. I was left to my own devices as far as figuring out how best to divvy up the required readings from the textbook, how best to approach assigning and teaching the four essays ENG 102 students are required to write, how best to incorporate the technology of a computer classroom into the course . . . and in a way my students would truly benefit from (as opposed to just coming to class twice a week to play on Facebook or something along those lines), and how best to teach the process of beginning, executing, and completing a research paper. There was no mentoring or oversight. Needless to say, I don’t feel I was all that successful at teaching ENG 102 my first time out.

After teaching ENG 102 in spring 2009, I moved into teaching ENG 231 World Literature I. So I have not had a chance to get back into the ENG 102 classroom where I could begin to refine my approach to teaching that course based on what I learned that semester I first taught that class. Given that we are in a seminar on Contemporary Composition Theory, I don’t want to spend any more time on my World Literature teaching experiences—even though those include assigning essays to my students in those classes. That being the case, some of the questions/items that intrigue me as far as possible research topics on composition include:

· What is the best way to respond to student writing? Using a directive/prescriptive approach? Using a facilitative approach? Which creates true student involvement learning and encourages writing beyond the composition classroom?
· How can I best teach my students to do substantive—rather than superficial editing of their essays? In other words, how can I best teach my students to be able to rely on themselves rather than me as their teacher or their student colleagues as peer reviewers in order to improve their essays?
· Given that, here at UNLV, we teach Composition I by having students produce various kinds of generic writing (i.e. narrative, process analysis, evaluation, and problem solution), I am left to wonder if there aren’t more relevant (to the lives our students actually lead in today’s world) genres we could use to teach them writing . . . and would doing so be beneficial?
· How much modeling of the research paper process should I be doing as the professor of Composition II?
· Should I let students in Composition II research on whatever topic interest them? Or should I be more directive and limit the class to one topic that they (and I) can focus on for the entire semester?
· Is there a way to make the research students do in Composition II—with the end being the production of a substantial paper—relevant to the lives our students lead as denizens of 21st century America/Nevada?

As intrigued as I am by the above questions (all of which I feel I am going to need to address in some form as my career continues), I am even more compelled by the idea of how to incorporate Queer Theory into my composition classroom? For me, such an inquiry raises other questions and issues. These include (for starters):

· Just because I am a gay man, does that mean I have the right to incorporate Queer Theory into my composition classroom?
· By the same token (because I am a gay man), don’t I have the obligation (to myself and other GLBQT people everywhere) to incorporate Queer Theory into my composition classroom?
· Is outing myself to undergraduates and colleagues a path I really want to follow?
· Can teaching composition from a queer perspective be beneficial to my students? To me as their professor?
· Does Queer Theory have a place in the composition classroom?

For me, at this particular moment, the idea of incorporating Queer Theory into my composition pedagogy is where I feel the strongest sense of dissonance . . . and possibility.

2/18/10 Blog Entry

In “Mechanical Correctness as a Focus in Composition Instruction,” Robert J. Connors provides us with an outstanding and blessedly succinct history of how and why mechanical correctness became de rigueur in the field of composition instruction. He begins with the rather bald statement that, during “most of its history as a college subject, English composition has meant one thing to most people: the single-minded enforcement of standards of mechanical and grammatical correctness in writing” (61). Some of the reasons for this happening include: America (and Americans) attempting to define itself decisively as the New World, separate and unique from the Old World (England, in particular, and the rest of Continental Europe), the centralization of the literary elite (if you will) in the Northeastern United States, a cultural, social, and class elite which looked down on the lack of linguistic manners evinced by those in the rapidly expanding (westward, of course) parts of the country, attacks by self-styled grammarians or language experts in both England and America that bemoaned the desecration of the Queen’s English.

As we read earlier in the semester, the concerns with rhetoric versus grammar found their way into the university world . . . indeed, the very top of that world: at Harvard. Instead of teaching the art of rhetoric, writing teachers began teaching mechanical correctness. According to Connors, it was in the mid nineteenth century in America that “the goal of the freshman writing course came to be teaching the avoidance of error rather than teaching genuine communicative competence” (65). For writing teachers who were overworked and overburdened by the sheer numbers of students in their classrooms, focusing on mechanical correctness was a far easier, and a far more manageable, task than “teaching genuine communicative competence” ever could be. As Connors points out: the “new emphasis upon mechanical correctness grew out of the furor over ‘illiteracy’ [in America] . . . but also out of the understandable need of teachers to somehow deal with their huge stacks of student themes” (67). One direct result of this new concern with mechanical correctness over communicative ability or success was the creation of the writing handbook, the purpose of which was to make it easy for writing teachers to enforce and thereby inculcate mechanical correctness in the “writings” of their students.

Connors goes on to reveal that, by the 1960s, the supremacy of mechanical correctness in composition was starting to be challenged from many quarters. On this point he writes: “during the early sixties theorists and teachers everywhere were actively—and sometimes heatedly—discussing the purposes and methods of teaching composition. The reign of mechanical correctness, which had largely depended on teachers’ continued ignorance, was threatened” (70). To this, I would add some comments on my own experiences from the first semester I taught composition here at UNLV. Not having been taught (in 791) or mentored any better (but I am NOT bitter), the compositions I graded that first semester ended up looking like murdered corpses given how much red ink I splattered over them in my quest to find every single mechanical error I could find (and it was not hard to find many, many, many of them) because, not knowing any better, I thought that is what my job was: to make sure my students were writing “correctly.” Forget what they had to actually say, or to communicate, as regards the assignments they were given. So, I would say that, even though the mechanical correctness notion has been challenged since the 1960s, it is still very much alive.

It proved interesting for me to read Patrick Hartwell’s “Grammar, Grammars, and the Teaching of Grammar,” and for a number of reasons. When I taught composition here at UNLV, I learned that we’re not really supposed to teach grammar. Maybe I should say that we’re not supposed to teach composition as an entire course on grammar. In any case, one of the things I would do following a round of grading student essays is to create exercises using examples from those student papers that pointed out various grammatical (and mechanical) problems – such as comma splices, subject verb agreements, inadequate pronoun referents, and the like – and workshop them as a class so that students could have some idea of what to watch out for as they wrote subsequent essays. While I don’t have years of teaching experience behind me, I think such grammar/mechanical exercises only helped my students to improve their papers minimally. And it took away from concentration on their ideas and how well they were able to express those ideas (to persuade readers’ to their point of view). Whether it is provincial or just downright mean-spirited of me, I do feel that by the time students get to the college composition classroom, they should be able to deal with the demands of grammar and mechanics (i.e., this is something they should have mastered by the end of high school).

I’m not sure if I should admit to this or not, but I enjoyed Peter Elbow’s article, “Reflections on Academic Discourse: How it Relates to Freshmen and Colleagues,” because it seemed to be the perfect mix of the pragmatic or practical with the idealistic. Diving into this piece, I was reminded immediately of Bartholomae’s essay on inventing the university and how that is the daunting task the academy sets for undergraduate students upon their entrance into academia. It was nice to see Elbow challenging that notion or, perhaps, extending that notion, to consider the idea that teaching students to wrestle effectively with academic discourse is but only one way of teaching composition. Part of his argument includes the – to me – liberating idea that, perhaps, we should also be teaching our composition students how to make writing a part of their everyday lives [which, particularly with text messaging and other forms of electronic communication in the 21st century, seems like a given] and not scare them away from writing completely. In other words, Elbow advocates for teaching students how to write in a non-academic manner that will be just as valuable, if not more so, to their everyday selves and lives. I found myself agreeing with Elbow and wondering how, in my World Literature courses, I can figure out a way for my students to do writing that is not some bastardized version of literary criticism but, instead, a reflection of how my students feel and really want to write about the literature they are encountering in my class.

For me, style is an amalgamation of how a writer expresses him or herself in verbal/visual/written form. As such, style is always going to be idiosyncratic (or it ought to be always idiosyncratic). Paul Butler, in “Style in the Diaspora of Composition Studies,” makes the case that study and understanding of style has shifted from a category in its own right to one mixed with other compositional concerns, including genre theory, rhetorical analysis, and personal writing. In any case, what’s important is how a writer presents and expresses him or herself in a piece of verbal/visual/written prose. I thought that Butler’s discussion of how such things as gender, class, and ethnicity can play significant roles in how a writer writes to be intriguing if less developed than I would have liked (i.e., I wanted more!).

Both pieces on responding to student writing (Sommers’ and Connors’), were at once comforting and disconcerting. When I taught my first composition course here at UNLV a few years back, I made the horrible mistake of thinking it was my job to point out every single thing that was wrong (mechanically, grammatically, etc.) with my students’ papers. Small wonder that my students weren’t all that happy with me by the time all was said and done. In subsequent composition courses I taught, it proved much more beneficial to me to try to give substantive comments to my students about their ideas and how they were presenting them in their essays. And my students’ seemed to appreciate my efforts at doing such commentary rather than pointing out all of their mistakes. Since I have moved into the literature classroom for the time being, and I am set to take my comprehensive exams this coming fall, and I have numerous seminar and conference responsibilities, I feel that I do not have time to provide substantive commentary on the essays I have assigned my World Lit students to do. Not on 70 papers or within a reasonable period of time. I am left to juggle and, unfortunately, the one ball I feel I need to drop is substantive commentary. And being in such a position is difficult for me because I feel my students have the right to expect better.

On Readings for 2/11/10

Since I'll be in Albuquerque, I needed to get this reading and post done early.



This week’s readings focus on the idea of writing as a process rather than a finished product. In fact, that is Donald M. Murray’s argument in his 1972 article: that we ought to be teaching students that writing is an ongoing activity rather than as one that has any kind of a definite end. For Murray, “the process [is one] of discovery through language. It is the process of exploration of what we know and what we feel about what we know through language. It is the process of using language to learn about our world, to evaluate what we learn about our world, to communicate what we learn about our world” (4). This is a collection of very idealistic (and, dare I say, Romantic?) statements about writing that, for me, serve as a nice reminder of what is possible when it comes to writing. I will admit, however, to some concern (probably born out of fear) when Murray writes that “we should teach unfinished writing and glory in its unfinishedness” (4). I am certain Murray does not, by unfinished, mean writing that is incorrect and/or incoherent, but rather writing that is demonstrative of that still striving for understanding and knowledge of the world. Perhaps this is where I need to remember that, as an English professor, that I am part of that process—the process that seeks to teach students how to write—and not the sum total of that process. In other words, students’ ability to write is something organic and ongoing that will continue to develop long after they have left my classroom for the last time.

I was also concerned with Murray’s reduction of the writing process to a formula, complete with percentages. These included 85% of a writer’s time being spent on prewriting, maybe 1% on the actual mental and physical act of writing, and the remaining 14% spent rewriting. I just don’t feel that the writing process can be quantified—or should be quantified—in such a way. As even Murray himself goes on to say when he describes Implication No. 9 of his process: “students are individuals who must explore the writing process in their own way” (6), the writing process is idiosyncratic for every writer and, as such, attempting to group them under some neat mathematical formula clashes with the ideas if individuality and idiosyncrasy. But I did like Murray’s Implication No. 3, which states that, within the writing as process ideal he imagines, students use their own language (5). To me, that made a nice connection with David Bartholomae’s article in which he describes how students are expected to reinvent the university, at least in terms of its disciplinary idioms, every time they step into all of their different classes. Is it possible, I wondered after reading Murray, for students to reinvent the university using their own language? Or does, as Bartholomae seem to insist, reinventing the university demand absolutely that students learn and regurgitate (until they can make it their own) academic discourse?

Meanwhile, in her 1977 article, Janet Emig explores the idea of writing as a unique mode of learning that is different—in distinct and quantifiable/observable ways—from reading and listening. I like this idea and hope that it is something I can communicate and teach to my students regardless of what kind (i.e. Composition or Literature or Theory) of English class I am professor of. In my own experiences with writing, one of my idiosyncrasies is that I often begin a piece by writing in hand with old fashioned pen and paper. Not only does it slow the process and, in my opinion, allows me to think through my ideas more as I am writing, it makes me feel “closer” to what I am doing and trying to accomplish in whatever project it is I am working on. One major point in this article was Emig’s statement—contra those theories Rose delineated for us last week on hemispheric studies from past decades—that writing “involves the fullest possible functioning of the brain, which entails the active participation in the process of both the left and the right hemispheres” (10-11). Even though I am not a psychologist or a doctor with medical knowledge of the brain, but it was nice to read someone like Emig expressing the idea—with conviction—that the entire brain is involved in the writing process rather than only one side or the other. Writing has always seemed like a full-brain activity to me!

After five weeks of being in Contemporary Composition Theory, I could not help but be struck by the title of Sondra Perl’s article, “The Composing Processes of Unskilled College Writers.” Of course, my attention focused on her use of the term “unskilled” in the title of her article, particularly after the discussions we’ve had and the readings we’ve done that attempt to challenge the notion that writing is a mere skill that anyone can learn and should learn/master by the time they arrive in the Freshman Composition classroom. Aside from title problematics, Perl’s article was the kind of piece that, as primarily a literature scholar, drives me crazy. All of the documentation about how the study was done and the charts detailing the data collected did not interest me. All I wanted to get to was the results and the findings of the study. It was interesting to discover that “unskilled” writers have just as palpable of a composing process as more experienced writers. It also seems logical that less experienced or practiced writers would produce essays that make too many assumptions about what their readers know and don’t know, that are disjointed and mangled due to their focus on the “rules,” and that are comparatively unsophisticated. I would think that, as writers continue to practice writing—in tandem with good professorial instruction—that writers would make the leap from “unskilled” to “skilled.”

Along the same lines, Nancy Sommers article looks at how student (significantly, as opposed to “unskilled”) writers approach the demands of revision in comparison to experienced adult writers. Once again, it seems logical that student writers would look at things like surface errors, particularly at only a word level, as they approach the task of revising a piece of writing. I have also seen in my own classes, that student writers have a very difficult time seeing (or re-seeing) their papers in a larger context; they seem to think that changing a word or two here or there, or correcting their punctuation is sufficient revision. And, it seems logical that adult writers, or writers with more experience writing, would be concerned with their ideas and how those ideas are articulated on the page in terms of order, style, and coherence. Such writers have more of an idea that they are writing for others who want to understand what it is they have to say. The question becomes, how do you teach student writers to cultivate the perspective (and its demands) of more experienced writers?

In “A Method for Teaching Writing,” Elbow (some twelve years earlier than Sommers) focuses on the idea that writers are always trying to produce some kind of desired effect in their readers (115). For Elbow, writing assignments in the Composition classroom should be drawn from real life or, in other words, they should be demonstrative of the kinds of writing human beings do (or could do) in their everyday lives, like a letter-to-the-editor or a plea to state legislators to not cut higher education funding anymore than it already has been (sorry, had to get that out) in Nevada. From this perspective, the only criterion of good or successful writing is whether or not it gets readers to do what writers want them to do (or to think in a certain way, or to change their minds about something, etc.). Heaven forbid our Composition courses should be practical as well as academic.

Since I am new to blogging in the classroom, I found Lowe and Williams’s article, “Moving to the Public: Weblogs in the Writing Classroom,” to be enlightening and informative. I am, in fact, to the point where I would like to figure out how best to incorporate blogging into my Composition and my Literature classes. It seems like an excellent means of making the writing students do in my classes both relevant and exciting for/to them (and myself as their professor).

Readings for 2/4/10

A little long, but I had a bit (and only a bit) of extra time this week. Ssshhh. Don't tell Dr. J.!

I will begin this blog entry by looking at Mina Shaughnessy’s “Diving In: An Introduction to Basic Writing.” As I understand the phrase, basic writing refers to the productions of those writers deemed to be deficient in some, or many, ways upon their entrance to college / university. What I like most about Shaughnessy’s approach to the subject of her article is that it is professor-oriented. And not in the sense of confirming professors’ negative and/or demoralized views on student writing, but rather in the sense of getting professors’ to challenge those negative/demoralized views and to change things in the composition classroom from the top down (if you will). In other words it is not about what is wrong with students and their writing, it is about what is wrong with composition professors and their methods of teaching.

Shaughnessy’s developmental scale as regards composition professors was interesting. It includes the stages: 1) Guarding the Tower, from those students thought incapable of ever becoming true parts of the republic of letters, 2) Converting the Natives, working only with those few students who seem to be likely to turn into citizens of the republic of letters with a lot of hard and agonizing work, 3) Sounding the Depths, when the realization dawns that the composition professor looks not only at how his/her students are functioning in the classroom, but at how his/her-self is functioning in the classroom, and 4) Diving In, when the professor commits to changing his/her-self—the way he or she thinks of students and how to teach composition—for the betterment of that self and students alike. I liked especially Shaughnessy’s description of diving in as “simply deciding that teaching them [students] to write well is not only suitable but challenging work for those who would be teachers and scholars in a democracy” (317). I cannot but help feeling the rightness of this statement; that there is (or should be) a nobility in teaching composition to writers of all kinds (and most especially to so-called basic writers).

This is not the first time that I have encountered David Bartholomae’s essay “Inventing the University.” I think the insights it provides about the college/university experiences of real students is invaluable. As a professor of composition, I think we need to be reminded—often—of the very real fact that we are asking our students to engage with ideas and theories and entire bodies of discourse that they are most likely unfamiliar with (no matter how good their high school preparation for college/university was) and, most likely, have no idea (and even less preparation for) how to deal with effectively and appropriately in the big, bad world of academia. His insight that, given the breadth of subjects students are exposed to in their general education programs, said students are expected to be able to write like literary critics, psychologists, and historians on Mondays and Wednesdays, then to be able to write like astronomers, physicists, and mathematicians on Tuesdays and Thursdays was striking.

As a graduate student in the discipline of English, I know first hand how difficult it is to meet the writing demands—in terms of amounts and discursive conventions, for example—of a single subject area that I am a working professional in. While, over time, I feel that I have gotten pretty adept at meeting the writing demands of English as a discipline, I know I would be subjected to a significant learning curve if I were to sit down to write about history or mathematics because those subjects require a different, though no less rigorous, means of communication. It is disconcerting, in many respects, to be in the position I am (as a GTA in the English PhD program at UNLV) and find myself wondering how undergraduates manage to meet the writing demands of the general education curriculum. This line of thinking also takes me closer to the opinion that there is no way the English department—as the home of Freshman Composition—can prepare the college/university’s students to write everything required in every discrete discipline.

Bartholomae, brilliantly, reminds us academics that every time a new student enters the college / university, that student has to learn how to do the talk, to do the writing of not just one, but all different kinds of disciplines; they have to learn how literature scholars write to each other, how historians write to each other, and so forth. Is that a lot to ask of 21st century students?

In “The Language of Exclusion: Writing Instruction at the University,” Mike Rose offers an interesting historical look at why composition instruction is the way it is in today’s college / university. As such, it seems as if writers who have been deemed unable to write have suffered a series of denigrations almost from the get-go. We see composition instruction dominated by the “finding-every-single-error-possible” mode of thought in relation to writing; we see writing labeled—in a derogatory sense—as merely a skill and, thus, a second-class intellectual endeavor; we see the language of remediation in relation to writing evolving from, or being spun off from medical terminology with nothing but negative connotations for students who are unfortunate enough to fall into the category of needing remediation; and we see students who are unable to hit the ground running in terms of being able to master the written demands of discourse being labeled, functionally speaking, illiterate. Rose also provides the cautionary that everyone involved in (higher) education can no longer afford to maintain the myth that remediation as regards writing is something, a problem, that will go away if we can only figure out the magic formula to make it go away . . . instead of taking the blinders off and dealing writing at the college / university level as an imperative of our discipline that will not ever go away.

Rose continues his eye-opening look why composition or writing instruction is the way it is in American colleges / universities in “Narrowing the Mind and the Page: Remedial Writers and Cognitive Reductionism.” The background information Rose provides in this essay is invaluable. It can be boiled down to the idea that people who cannot write were (are?) thought to have something wrong with their ability to think, whether that has something to do with their being field-dependent or field-independent, which side of their brains they are working with, what are students’ social/economic/familiar circumstances (with the idea being that students from at-risk areas will never be able to succeed or will struggle harder to succeed, and what counts as literacy in Western society. In both articles, Rose’s point seems to be that, in one way or another, there is a systematic means in place of excluding people (particularly incoming freshman who cannot write) from academia for reasons that seem to be plausible, but when looked at more closely, prove to be problematic in the extreme. His call for critique and reflection seems apropos.

I chose to read Sugie Goen-Salter’s “Critiquing the Need to Eliminate Remediation: Lessons from San Francisco State,” in part because I lived in California (although not in San Francisco or the Bay Area) for so many years. I liked how this article showed the creation of the Integrated Reading/Writing program since I, too, believe that reading and writing are activities that are inextricably linked with one another (i.e. one cannot be done effectively in the absence of the other). It does not seem as if we stress reading as much as we should in our composition program at UNLV. I thought it was interesting, too, to see that, despite their best efforts, even a great higher education system like that in California could not eliminate the “problem” of remediation where writing instruction is concerned. Maybe there is hope for those of us at less high-profile schools like UNLV.

Sean Zwagerman’s article “The Scarlet P: Plagiarism, Panopticism, and the Rhetoric of Academic Integrity” was not what I was expecting considering the subject matter as it is announced in the title. Quite honestly, I expected another article bemoaning the evils of plagiarism on the part of students with lots and lots of advice on how professors can thwart this kind of academic misconduct. That the author took the position that professors and administrators in the college/university environment are far too overzealous in pursuing both suspicion of student plagiarism and in punishing student plagiarism was a surprise. A nice surprise, but a surprise nonetheless. His relation of the surveillance ethos the war against plagiarism creates for both students and professors to Foucault’s ideas in Discipline and Punish were almost frightening to encounter because I think he is right. Ironically enough, one of the things I have done for the last three or four years is serve as an on-call panel member for UNLV’s Office of Student Conduct. I am also serving on a task force that is revising our Academic Misconduct Policy for the university, where plagiarism is addressed along with any number of other academic misconduct violations. I am just not sure if I agree that the penalties for students caught plagiarizing someone else’s work should be as lenient or non-existent as Zwagerman seems to suggest. I am also unsure if educating students about what plagiarism really is and how to avoid it (by teaching them to look beyond the future economic value of their college degree) will be a sufficient deterrent.

Comments on 1/28/10 Readings

I found this week’s readings to be a fast-and-furious historical and annotated bibliographic introduction to why modern or contemporary rhetorical theory is the way it is today in the college/university environment.

I enjoyed Corbett’s “Introduction” from Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student because of the way it linked contemporary rhetoric – in the form of advertising – with classical rhetoric – in the form of the speeches given to Achilles in order to get him to go back to fighting so that the Greeks do not lose in the war against the Trojans. Having spent the Fall semester in Dr. Staggers’s Visual Rhetoric course, reading an ad such as the one for the HP Color Printer from both a visual and a rhetorical perspective made perfect sense to me. I was also particularly fond of Corbett’s statement that those who write ads “are some of the most skillful rhetoricians in our society” (2). Before returning to academia about ten years ago, I worked for a number of years at a mail order/catalog company. During my tenure there, I had the opportunity at one point to serve as our in-house copywriter. Our catalogs had a set format, but as a copywriter you had to be able to create text that would marry with pictures in such a way that products would sell. In this regard, I found the discussion about audience – particularly as it involved the use of pronouns – to be relevant. As a copywriter, and part of a larger marketing/merchandising enterprise, I always knew our audience was a certain group of women, in the 35+ age range, who would likely spend anywhere from $50-$100 on any given order. So I was always writing to that group or the collective you, as well as the single or the individual you. And, I suppose I can say this now since I have not been with that particular company for well over a decade now, that all of our products were pretty much cheap junk that it was my job as copywriter to make look as attractive as possible so people would buy it anyway. What was, perhaps, most interesting in terms of a connection that Corbett’s article allowed me to see, is that classical or contemporary, the aim – or one of the aims – of rhetoric remains the same after 2,500 years: to “persuade or motivate an audience, whether that audience is made up of one person or a group of persons” (1).

Having read some of Campbell, Blair, and Whatley’s work in Dr. Nagelhout’s History of Rhetoric course last year, I was somewhat familiar with their ideas. The understanding the article “The Triumph of Eighteenth-Century Rhetoric” allowed me to come to was just how influential these authors’ works were on the development of rhetorical education in the US. Indeed, Berlin informs us that the works of this trio dominated rhetorical education for most of the 19th century in the US. Where Campbell is concerned, I found Berlin’s description of Campbell’s position interesting: Campbell thought that “Oratory simply engages more faculties in the speaker and the listener: the understanding, the imagination, the passions, the judgment, and the will. Thus persuasive oratory transcends even poetry—the realm of imagination and passion—in its inclusiveness, becoming the apotheosis of human language acts” (22). Considering Campbell was an 18th century figure—from the Age of Enlightenment, Reason, and Rationality—I found this description of Campbell’s ideas on rhetoric to be rather Romantic. Of course, Berlin reminds us that all three—Campbell, Blair, and Whatley—of these educators were concerned with celebrating, if not exalting, the traditional and maintaining the status quo of the time. The study of literature “was to support the existing social and economic arrangement, as well as to provide a stay for religion and morality. In keeping with the dominant national mood, poetry, drama, and fiction were expected to be optimistic about the future” (33). This point reminded me of the articles we read in our fist class meeting where one or two of the individuals cited called for the study of literature in the contemporary period to eschew deconstructive trends in favor of supporting the tradition of “the Great Books.” I also liked finding out, through Berlin’s discussion of Blair, that Blair was an important figure behind the idea of “using literature to teach writing” (27), something we have moved away from doing, at least at UNLV.

Connors’ article, as its title suggest, describes the rise and fall of the modes of discourse, which include, Narration, Description, Exposition, and Argument. The modes took over or dominated writing/rhetorical instruction in the late 19th century (with roots going back to the early 19th century) in America, and continued to dominate it until the 1940s when they fell out of favor because they really did not teach students how to write. What was most interesting to me was reading this article in relation to how we teach Composition here at UNLV. In ENG 101, we teach students how to write narrative essays, then move on to extended definition and process or procedure essays, and conclude with problem/solution essays. All of which seem, to me, like modes of discourse similar, if not exactly the same, to those used for the 60 or 70 years between the late 1800s and the mid 1900s. The modes, as Connors makes clear, were replaced by exposition and, most importantly, thesis driven approaches to writing. Now, even though we use what I would call a modal approach to teaching writing here at UNLV, we also focus on students’ ability to create a thesis within whatever mode of writing we are assigning them to do.

Kinneavy’s discussion of the aims of discourse allows us to see writing—as a discursive practice—in a manner similar to that of the ancient rhetoricians (he cites Aristotle most often in his artice). Indeed, in the 1960s when this piece was written originally, writing involved a writer, a reader, and the means or medium of communication (writing, in this case) that was used as the interface between them. All with the aim of the writer’s informing or persuading the reader of some point of view. What I thought was most intriguing about Kinneavy’s article was his rejection of the New Critical “intentional” and “affective” fallacies in favor of including both reader and authorial intentions in the meaning-making or discursive processes. Both are a part of, a necessary part of, the transaction of persuasion.

Finally, I found Lauer’s extensive article on rhetorical invention to be informative about the evolution of ideas associated with invention but also, ultimately, tedious to wade through. This article makes it seem like every possible approach to invention has been covered, dissected, and expostulated upon ad infinitum. I did, however, appreciate the commentary/reflections on the postmodern debates about writing as something that is innate to us or, rather, a product of the society and cultural conditions in which we live, which came up toward the end of the article and in particular as regards feminist studies of writing. I would have liked Lauer to take these ideas further and opened them up to things like studies of race, disability, ecocriticism, queer studies, and such.